Water On Moon Was Discovered By India!
The question is ambiguous largely because nunerous individuals from numerous countries (japan as well as india and the us at the very least) have found evidence suggestive of water on the moon as early as the Soviet, Luna 24 (with some evidence suggestive off that coming even before). However the first incontrovertible evidence of such came from Chandrayaan an Indian craft but that had analysis and cooperation of NASA Which muddies the waters even further (if you will pardon the pun). So strictly speaking you might say that America and India discovered water on the moon together by working cooperatively. It is amazing what we can accomplish when we focus the efforts of our scientists cooperatively rather than competitively.
First it is unfair to single out one country that can be credited with discovery of water on moon since numerous missions have incrementally improved our understanding of moon. But if i have to pick one biggest contributor for discovery of water on moon, i would choose Chandrayaan-1, India’s first moon mission. Even though it was an Indian mission it took payloads (instruments) from other countries as well. First its better to split the question in two parts to answer it more accurately - Water in moon atmosphere and water on moon surface:
1. Water in moon atmosphere: The first evidence of water in moon atmosphere came by an Indian device Chandra's Altitudinal Composition (CHACE) that was mounted on Moon Impact probe released from Chandrayaan -1. The probe was released on on 18 November 2008
2. Water on moon surface : Although numerous inconclusive evidence of free water ice at the lunar poles was accumulated from a variety of observations like the one from Clementine mission and Lunar Prospector, the first conclusive evidence came from NASA instrument M3 on Indian satellite Chandrayaan-1. NASA published the result on September 25, 2009.
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